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| "死海古卷"被发现时大都储存在瓦罐中 Свиток в сосуде |
它们曾在战乱期间被一群笃信的犹太人塞进瓦罐里埋藏起来，经历了2000多年的旅程重现于世，900多种文本已经碎裂为3万多张残片，而其 负载的信息即将得到永恒的保存——以色列计划将他们拥有的"死海古卷"残片以最先进的技术进行数字化，并发布上网与世人分享。
早报记者 朱洁树 编译
世界上最重要和最神秘的考古财富之一"死海古卷"将被数字化，并发布在网上供研究人员免费使用。以色列文物局19日宣布了与谷歌的合作计 划，发布上网的包括"死海古卷"的高清照片和英文翻译文本等资料，第一批图像预计将在6个月内与世人见面。
以色列文物局官员、"死海古卷"研究计划的负责人普宁娜·舒尔说，研究人员将利用美国国家航空航天局所用的高清摄像装置拍摄古卷残片。
"这是你能得到的每个卷轴的最终图像，"普宁娜·舒尔说，"就像卷轴的权威版本。"舒尔解释说，这一红外线图像将让研究者看到残片因时间而 变黑的部分，意味着数字版本比卷轴本身更清楚。这种摄影技术通过六个不同的波长采集图片信息，保证图像放大数倍后依然清晰。
以色列希伯来大学教授蕾切尔·埃利奥尔也相信，这些高清照片可能比残片原件更容易辨认和解读，有助研究工作取得新进展。
长期以来，古卷保存在耶路撒冷一家博物馆内，严格限制查阅。例如，阅览室只能同时容纳两名读者，允许他们隔着玻璃阅读卷书，内容仅限自己先 前所申请查阅的章节，每次限时3小时。据悉，全世界约有300位学者每年会到以色列"朝圣"，对"死海古卷"进行研究。
在上世纪90年代以前，"死海古卷"只有极少部分研究者可以接触到。1991年起，古卷一些内容陆续集结成册并发表。但不少人抱怨，这些书 籍价格昂贵、不便携带。另外，古卷残片曾多次送到海外展览。在美国举办的一次为期3个月的展览吸引总共25万人参观，舒尔表示，"一旦这些资 料全部发布在互联网，就没必要让书卷暴露在外了。任何人只要点击鼠标就可以看到所有卷轴残片。"
据悉，以色列考古部门准备在两三个月内开始拍摄，预计第一批图像将在2011年春天与世人见面。而完成所有900多种文本的3万多张残片的 拍摄估计要花费更长时间。
链接
"死海古卷"2000年
"死海古卷"指1946年至1956年间在耶路撒冷东部死海沿岸11个洞穴中发现的近4万个书卷或书卷的碎片。这些书卷大都储存在瓦罐中， 大部分是以希伯来文写在羊皮上的，少数用亚兰文（阿拉米语）和希腊文写成。据估计，古卷的成书时间从公元前三世纪到公元一世纪不等。
《死海古卷》中最重要的文献是希伯来文《圣经》抄本（即《旧约圣经》），除《以斯帖记》外，《旧约圣经》中的每一部分都能在《死海古卷》中 找到；另外还包括对《圣经》文本的注释和评论、解经书，次经和伪经等，也包括许多非圣经文献。古卷的发现解决了许多以前学术界在旧约及新约经 文上的争议。
数十年来，"死海古卷"从何而来引起了相关领域研究者的热烈讨论。最流行的理论认为这是古代犹太教派艾赛尼派的教徒在公元一世纪犹太战争期 间将这些卷轴藏起来的，也有专家相信这些古卷是公元70年罗马人洗劫耶路撒冷时由一群逃亡的犹太人带到这里的。
两年前，以色列启动过一项"死海古卷"的数字化工程，当时的成像（右）已比原始的纸卷（中）更清晰，即将展开的新计划将启用更先进的拍摄系 统。
转载自 ifeng http://goo.gl/YzXC
Израильское управление древностей совместно с Google оцифрует Свитки Мертвого моря - подборку библейских и апокрифических текстов, обнаруженных в пещерах близ Кумрана и датируемых рубежом нашей эры. Как пишетThe Jerusalem Post, проект оценивается в 3,5 миллиона долларов.
Специалисты применят технологию инфракрасной съемки. Каждый фрагмент свитков будет отснят на шести разных длинах волн, после чего изображения будут совмещены. Таким образом будут получены полные цифровые копии каждого фрагмента в очень высоком разрешении, на которых, к тому же, можно будет разглядеть участки пергамента, почерневшие от времени на оригинальных свитках.
Первые изображения будут размещены на серверахизраильского Google весной 2011 года. Ожидается, что на обработку всех 900 свитков, распавшихся на 30 тысяч фрагментов, уйдет несколько лет. Онлайн-публикация Google будет включать в себя переводы текстов и обширную справочную и библиографическую информацию.
Наличие полных цифровых копий позволит реже тревожить сами свитки. Кроме того, ученые смогут без ограничений комбинировать фрагменты, что, возможно, позволит по-новому интерпретировать некоторые тексты.
Свитки Мертвого моря (они же Кумранские свитки) были обнаружены в 1947 году в системе пещер близ древнего поселения Кумран на Мертвом море. По наиболее распространенной версии, они были созданы в период с III века до нашей эры по I век нашей эры ессеями - членами аскетической иудейской секты, жившими в Кумране. По другой версии, свитки происходят из Иерусалима, а в Кумран их привезли в I веке беженцы, спасавшиеся от римской оккупации.
От Лента.ру http://goo.gl/vIT7
JERUSALEM — The scribes who wrote the Dead Sea Scrolls could not have imagined their texts' one day being Googled.
But the Israel Antiquities Authority, the custodian of the scrolls, the 2,000-year-old biblical and apocryphal texts discovered last century in caves in the Judean desert, announced Tuesday that it was collaborating with Google's research and development arm in Israel on uploading newly digitized images of the closely guarded manuscripts and making them available to all online in a matter of months.
The scrolls, which contain the earliest known copies of almost every book of the Hebrew Bible (missing only the Book of Esther), will complete their journey from ancient world to cyberspace with the help of new imaging technology. The antiquities authority says it will ensure the preservation and scholarship of the texts for generations to come.
Once there is a copy of a manuscript online that is as good as, or clearer than, the original, said Pnina Shor, the project manager at the antiquities authority, there will be no need to expose the fragile fragments of parchment and papyrus to the ruinous effects of light and air again.
For decades after the scrolls were discovered in caves near the Dead Sea east of Jerusalem, access was limited to a tight circle of scholars. There has been increased access in the last 20 years, and the entire collection of scrolls, photographed with infrared techniques in the 1950s, was published in 2001.
The texts, most of them on parchment but some on papyrus, date from the third century B.C. to the first century A.D. and shed light on the history of Judaism and early Christian life. They remain the subject of heated academic debate around the world.
The antiquities authority began a pilot imaging project more than two years ago. The authority says that a new system developed by MegaVision, a United States-based company, allowing digital imaging in various wavelengths in the highest resolution possible, will be installed in its laboratories in early 2011, and that a first version of the scrolls may be online within six months.
From http://goo.gl/E81pBut the Israel Antiquities Authority, the custodian of the scrolls, the 2,000-year-old biblical and apocryphal texts discovered last century in caves in the Judean desert, announced Tuesday that it was collaborating with Google's research and development arm in Israel on uploading newly digitized images of the closely guarded manuscripts and making them available to all online in a matter of months.
The scrolls, which contain the earliest known copies of almost every book of the Hebrew Bible (missing only the Book of Esther), will complete their journey from ancient world to cyberspace with the help of new imaging technology. The antiquities authority says it will ensure the preservation and scholarship of the texts for generations to come.
Once there is a copy of a manuscript online that is as good as, or clearer than, the original, said Pnina Shor, the project manager at the antiquities authority, there will be no need to expose the fragile fragments of parchment and papyrus to the ruinous effects of light and air again.
For decades after the scrolls were discovered in caves near the Dead Sea east of Jerusalem, access was limited to a tight circle of scholars. There has been increased access in the last 20 years, and the entire collection of scrolls, photographed with infrared techniques in the 1950s, was published in 2001.
The texts, most of them on parchment but some on papyrus, date from the third century B.C. to the first century A.D. and shed light on the history of Judaism and early Christian life. They remain the subject of heated academic debate around the world.
The antiquities authority began a pilot imaging project more than two years ago. The authority says that a new system developed by MegaVision, a United States-based company, allowing digital imaging in various wavelengths in the highest resolution possible, will be installed in its laboratories in early 2011, and that a first version of the scrolls may be online within six months.
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